Lesson 3: Resistance Networks
How Indigenous Peoples Worldwide Connected, Organized, and Fought Back
Lesson Focus
Students investigate how Indigenous peoples worldwide created powerful resistance networks, examining strategies, leadership, successes, and ongoing struggles while recognizing the strength that comes from collective action and cultural grounding.
Ngā Whāinga Ako | Learning Objectives
🔗 Network Analysis
Identify how Indigenous resistance movements connected across geographical and cultural boundaries
⚡ Strategy Evaluation
Analyze different resistance strategies and evaluate their effectiveness in various contexts
👥 Leadership Study
Examine diverse leadership styles within Indigenous resistance movements
💪 Cultural Strength
Understand how cultural practices and values sustained resistance movements
Karakia Timatanga | Cultural Opening
"Kia kaha, kia māia, kia manawanui"
Be strong, be brave, be steadfast
These words have echoed through generations of resistance - from Māori fighting for tino rangatiratanga to Indigenous peoples worldwide standing against oppression. Today we honor the courage of all who stood up, linked arms, and said "No more."
Phase 1: Global Resistance Heroes Gallery Walk (30 minutes)
🖼️ Heroes of Resistance: Past and Present
Purpose: Meet the faces and stories behind global Indigenous resistance movements
Featured Resistance Leaders & Movements:
🇳🇿 Dame Whina Cooper (1895-1994)
Movement: Land Rights March 1975
Strategy: Peaceful protest and political mobilization
Legacy: "Not one more acre of Māori land"
🇺🇸 Leonard Peltier & AIM (1944-)
Movement: American Indian Movement
Strategy: Armed resistance and legal challenges
Legacy: Wounded Knee occupation, ongoing imprisonment
🇨🇦 Elijah Harper (1949-2013)
Movement: Opposition to Meech Lake Accord
Strategy: Parliamentary procedure and symbolic resistance
Legacy: Single eagle feather stopped constitutional change
🇧🇷 Raoni Metuktire (1930-)
Movement: Amazon rainforest protection
Strategy: International advocacy and media campaigns
Legacy: Global face of Indigenous environmental protection
🇦🇺 Vincent Lingiari (1908-1988)
Movement: Wave Hill Walk-Off 1966
Strategy: Strike action and land claim
Legacy: Led to Aboriginal Land Rights Act
🇺🇸 LaDonna Brave Bull Allard (1956-2021)
Movement: Standing Rock pipeline protests
Strategy: Direct action and social media mobilization
Legacy: #NoDAPL became global symbol
Gallery Walk Instructions:
- Station Setup (5 minutes): Create 6 stations around the room, each featuring one resistance leader/movement with:
- Portrait and key quotes
- Timeline of major events
- Strategy analysis worksheet
- Connection mapping sheet
- Rotation Activity (20 minutes): Groups spend 3-4 minutes at each station, filling out:
- Core resistance strategies used
- Key challenges faced
- Victories achieved (short and long-term)
- Connections to other movements
- Pattern Identification (5 minutes): Groups identify common themes across all movements
🎯 Teacher Facilitation Notes:
- Include multimedia: photos, videos, audio recordings where possible
- Prepare brief cultural context for each leader's background
- Have students note specific tactics used (protests, legal challenges, media campaigns, etc.)
- Encourage questions about leadership styles and decision-making
Phase 2: Resistance Strategy Breakdown (35 minutes)
📊 Strategic Analysis: Tools of Resistance
Purpose: Categorize and evaluate different approaches to Indigenous resistance
The Five Pillars of Indigenous Resistance:
1. 🏛️ Legal & Political Action
- Treaty rights enforcement - Court cases and legal challenges
- Political representation - Running for office, lobbying
- Constitutional challenges - Changing fundamental laws
- International law - Appealing to UN, international bodies
Example: Waitangi Tribunal, Canadian Constitution Act, UN Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples
2. 🎭 Cultural Revitalization
- Language preservation - Schools, immersion programs
- Ceremony and ritual - Maintaining spiritual practices
- Traditional knowledge - Protecting and sharing expertise
- Artistic expression - Music, art, storytelling as resistance
Example: Kōhanga Reo, Native American powwows, Australian Dreamtime storytelling
3. 🌍 Environmental Protection
- Land defense - Protecting sacred and traditional sites
- Resource protection - Fighting mining, logging, pollution
- Climate activism - Leading environmental justice movements
- Traditional management - Demonstrating sustainable practices
Example: Standing Rock, Amazon resistance, Māori river guardianship
4. 📢 Direct Action & Protest
- Peaceful demonstration - Marches, rallies, vigils
- Civil disobedience - Blockades, occupations
- Economic pressure - Boycotts, strikes
- Symbolic resistance - Flag actions, ceremony disruption
Example: Land March 1975, Alcatraz occupation, Wave Hill Walk-Off
5. 🔗 Network Building
- Inter-tribal alliances - Uniting across traditional boundaries
- International connections - Sharing strategies globally
- Ally mobilization - Building support from non-Indigenous groups
- Youth engagement - Training next generation leaders
Example: International Indigenous conferences, university programs, social media campaigns
Analysis Activity Structure:
- Strategy Mapping (15 minutes): Using gallery walk notes, groups map each resistance leader/movement to the strategy framework:
- Which pillars did they use most effectively?
- Which strategies were missing from their approach?
- How did they combine different approaches?
- Effectiveness Evaluation (10 minutes): Groups rate effectiveness of each strategy (1-5 scale) and provide evidence
- Context Analysis (10 minutes): Consider how historical context influenced strategy choices:
- What resources were available?
- What were the major obstacles?
- How did public opinion affect success?
📊 Assessment Focus:
Students demonstrate analysis skills by explaining why certain strategies were chosen in specific contexts and evaluating their effectiveness with evidence-based reasoning.
Phase 3: Modern Resistance Networks (25 minutes)
🌐 Digital Age Resistance: New Tools, Same Struggles
Purpose: Explore how digital technology has transformed Indigenous resistance organizing
Contemporary Global Indigenous Movements:
🇺🇸 Standing Rock (2016-2017)
Issue: Dakota Access Pipeline threatening water supply and sacred sites
Digital Strategy: Facebook livestreams, Twitter hashtags (#NoDAPL), viral videos
Global Impact: International solidarity, celebrity support, divestment campaigns
Outcome: Temporary pipeline halt, raised environmental justice awareness
🇧🇷 Amazon Forest Guardians (2019-present)
Issue: Deforestation, illegal logging, land grabbing
Digital Strategy: Satellite monitoring apps, international media campaigns, UN appeals
Global Impact: International pressure on Brazilian government, funding for protection
Outcome: Ongoing struggle with mixed results
🇨🇦 Idle No More (2012-present)
Issue: Federal legislation affecting Indigenous sovereignty and environmental protection
Digital Strategy: Flash mobs, social media organizing, coordinated actions
Global Impact: Inspired Indigenous activism worldwide, parliamentary attention
Outcome: Ongoing political engagement, leadership development
🇳🇿 Ihumātao Protectors (2019-2020)
Issue: Housing development on culturally significant land
Digital Strategy: Live streaming, crowdfunding, social media solidarity
Global Impact: International support, comparison to other Indigenous land struggles
Outcome: Development halted, ongoing negotiations
Digital Resistance Analysis Activity:
- Platform Analysis (10 minutes): Groups research how one movement used digital tools:
- What social media platforms were most effective?
- How did they reach international audiences?
- What role did livestreaming/real-time updates play?
- How did they coordinate with traditional media?
- Connection Mapping (10 minutes): Identify how digital tools enabled:
- Cross-movement solidarity (how other Indigenous groups supported)
- Non-Indigenous ally recruitment
- International pressure and awareness
- Real-time organization and mobilization
- Comparison to Historical Movements (5 minutes): How do modern digital strategies compare to historical resistance tactics?
🤔 Critical Questions for Discussion:
- How has social media changed the speed and scale of Indigenous resistance organizing?
- What are the advantages and risks of digital activism for Indigenous movements?
- How do traditional cultural protocols adapt to digital organizing spaces?
- What role does storytelling play in both historical and digital resistance?
Whakamutunga | Network Synthesis & Reflection
🕸️ Building the Resistance Web (10 minutes)
Class Collaborative Mapping
- Physical Web Creation: Using yarn/string, create a physical web showing connections between movements studied today
- Connection Explanations: Each connection must be explained (shared strategies, mutual support, similar challenges, etc.)
- Pattern Recognition: Identify the strongest connection points - what makes resistance networks successful?
- Modern Additions: Add digital connection points showing how technology strengthens the web
🔥 Final Reflection Questions:
Strength in Unity
What evidence did you see that Indigenous movements are stronger when connected to each other?
Cultural Foundation
How do cultural practices and values strengthen resistance movements?
Evolution of Tactics
How have resistance strategies evolved while maintaining core purposes?
Personal Connection
Which resistance leader or movement inspired you most? Why?
"Whāia te iti kahurangi, ki te tuohu koe me he maunga teitei"
Pursue excellence - should you bow down, let it be to a lofty mountain
The resistance heroes we studied today set the highest standards of courage and commitment. Their networks of support show us the power of standing together.
Assessment & Homework
📝 Formative Assessment
- Gallery walk note quality and insight
- Strategy framework application and analysis
- Digital movement research and connections
- Participation in web-building synthesis activity
🏠 Homework Assignment
Design Your Own Resistance Campaign:
- Choose a contemporary Indigenous rights issue
- Design a campaign using lessons from today's resistance networks
- Include: goals, target audience, strategies, digital tools, potential allies
- Create a visual campaign poster and 2-page strategic plan
Due: Next lesson | Present in 3-minute pitch format
Continue Your Learning Journey
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