Unit 2 Bilingual Reference Glossary

Definition: Full chieftainship, absolute authority, self-determination, sovereignty

Historical Context: Guaranteed to Māori in Article Two of Te Tiriti o Waitangi. It represents Māori authority over their lands, resources, and people. Today, tino rangatiratanga is central to Māori sovereignty and self-governance movements.

Example in Use: "Iwi continue to assert their tino rangatiratanga through co-governance arrangements and Treaty settlements."

Definition: Chief, leader, person of high rank

Historical Context: Rangatira were (and are) leaders within Māori communities, responsible for making decisions on behalf of their people. Over 500 rangatira signed Te Tiriti o Waitangi in 1840.

Example in Use: "Rangatira like Te Whiti o Rongomai led peaceful resistance to land confiscation at Parihaka."

Definition: Tribe, extended kinship group, nation

Historical Context: Iwi are the largest social and political units in Māori society, descended from a common ancestor. Examples include Ngāi Tahu, Tainui, Ngāpuhi. Iwi identity remains central to Māori life and Treaty settlements today.

Definition: Sub-tribe, kinship group, clan (literally "pregnant")

Historical Context: Hapū are subdivisions of iwi, typically consisting of several whānau (families). Hapū held primary authority over land and resources in traditional Māori society and were the main political unit.

Definition: Extended family, family group

Historical Context: The foundational social unit in Māori society, broader than the Western nuclear family. Whānau includes multiple generations and extended relatives.

Definition: Customs, protocols, correct procedure, way of doing things

Historical Context: Tikanga encompasses Māori customs, values, and laws. It guided governance, resource management, and social interactions. Colonial law often ignored or suppressed tikanga.

Definition: Authority, prestige, power, spiritual force, honor

Historical Context: Mana is earned through leadership, genealogy, and actions. It can be individual or collective. Colonial dispossession was an attack on Māori mana.

Definition: Guardianship, stewardship, environmental care

Historical Context: The practice of protecting and managing natural resources for future generations. Māori have exercised kaitiakitanga for centuries and continue to advocate for environmental protection today.

Definition: The Treaty of Waitangi (Māori-language version)

Historical Context: Signed in 1840 by over 500 Māori rangatira and representatives of the British Crown. Te Tiriti is the Māori-language version and differs significantly from the English "Treaty of Waitangi."

Critical Note: Most rangatira signed Te Tiriti, not the English version, making it the authoritative text for understanding what Māori agreed to.

Definition: Governance, government (a limited administrative role)

Historical Context: Used in Article One of Te Tiriti to translate "sovereignty." However, kawanatanga implies governance (the right to govern settlers and maintain law and order), not full sovereignty. Māori believed they were granting the Crown a limited administrative role, not giving up their own authority.

Contrast with: "Sovereignty" (English Treaty) = supreme, ultimate authority

Definition: Treasures, anything highly prized

Historical Context: Guaranteed protection in Article Two of Te Tiriti. Taonga includes physical objects, land, resources, language, cultural practices, and knowledge systems. The Waitangi Tribunal has ruled that te reo Māori (the Māori language) is a taonga.

Definition: Land (also means "placenta")

Historical Context: Land is sacred in Māori worldview, connecting people to their ancestors and identity. The word's dual meaning (land/placenta) reflects the deep connection between people and land. Colonial land confiscation severed these connections.

Definition: A movement established in the 1850s to unite Māori tribes under a single monarch to protect land and assert sovereignty

Historical Context: Founded in response to increasing land loss and settler encroachment. The first Māori King was Pōtatau Te Wherowhero (1858). The Kīngitanga still exists today, based in Tūrangawaewae, Ngāruawāhia.

Definition: Self-determination, independence, autonomy, separate identity

Historical Context: Closely related to tino rangatiratanga. Used by contemporary Māori movements advocating for political and economic independence from the Crown.

Definition: The declaration signed by northern rangatira in 1835, asserting Māori sovereignty over Aotearoa

Historical Context: Signed five years before Te Tiriti, this declaration asserted that "all sovereign power and authority" belonged to Māori chiefs. It challenges the narrative that Māori ceded sovereignty in 1840.

Definition: Conquest, confiscation (especially of land)

Historical Context: Used to describe the mass confiscation of Māori land under the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863. Over 1.2 million hectares were confiscated as punishment for "rebellion," even from iwi who did not fight.

Definition: A permanent commission of inquiry established in 1975 to investigate Crown breaches of Te Tiriti

Historical Context: The Tribunal hears claims from Māori about Treaty violations. It can make recommendations but cannot compel the government to act. Major claims include Waikato-Tainui, Ngāi Tahu, and Taranaki land confiscations.

Definition: Reciprocity, balance, compensation, payment

Historical Context: A fundamental concept in tikanga Māori. Utu ensures balance is restored when harm is done. Treaty settlements can be understood as a form of utu – the Crown compensating for historical breaches.

Definition: Compensation or remedy for a wrong or grievance

Historical Context: Treaty settlements provide redress for historical Treaty breaches. Redress packages typically include financial compensation, land return, Crown apologies, and recognition of iwi rights.

Definition: Supreme, ultimate authority over a territory and its people

Historical Context: Used in the English Treaty of Waitangi (Article One). The Crown claims Māori ceded sovereignty in 1840. However, this contradicts the Māori text (Te Tiriti), which uses kawanatanga (governance), not sovereignty.

Critical Note: The translation of "sovereignty" as kawanatanga is one of the most significant and controversial issues in NZ history.

Definition: The process of establishing control over Indigenous peoples and their lands by a foreign power

Historical Context: British colonization of Aotearoa involved mass immigration, land confiscation, suppression of Māori language and culture, and imposition of British law and governance.

Counter-Narrative Framing: Rather than "settlement" or "development," use "colonization" or "invasion" to accurately describe the process of dispossession.

Definition: The policy of forcing Indigenous people to adopt the language, culture, and customs of the colonizer

Historical Context: Colonial governments attempted to assimilate Māori through policies like banning te reo Māori in schools, promoting intermarriage, and discouraging tikanga Māori. The 1960 Hunn Report advocated for Māori "integration" into Pākehā society.

Definition: Armed conflicts between the Crown and Māori (primarily 1845-1872)

Historical Context: Colonial histories called these the "Māori Wars" or "Land Wars." The term "New Zealand Wars" is now more common. However, many historians and Māori prefer "Aotearoa Wars" to center Māori resistance to land theft and Treaty violations.

Counter-Narrative Framing: Describe these not as "rebellions" but as Māori resistance to illegal land confiscation.

Definition: The process of dismantling colonial structures, returning power to Indigenous peoples, and challenging colonial narratives

Historical Context: Decolonization in Aotearoa involves Treaty settlements, revitalization of te reo Māori, co-governance models, and rewriting history to center Māori perspectives.

Definition: A story or historical account that challenges dominant (colonial) narratives by centering marginalized voices

Historical Context: Counter-narratives in NZ history center Māori perspectives, highlight resistance, and name colonization as injustice. See the Counter-Narrative Writing Guide for more.

Definition: The capacity to act, make choices, and shape events

Historical Context: Colonial narratives often deny Māori agency, portraying them as passive victims. Counter-narratives emphasize Māori actions, leadership, and resistance.

Definition: Shared decision-making between Māori and the Crown over resources and policy

Historical Context: Co-governance models (e.g., for national parks, fisheries, and water resources) attempt to honor tino rangatiratanga by giving iwi a formal role in governance. Controversial in contemporary NZ politics.